re-frame.core¶
Dispatching Events¶
dispatch¶
(dispatch event)
Queue event
for processing (handling).
event
is a vector and the first element is typically a keyword
which identifies the kind of event.
The event will be added to a FIFO processing queue, so event handling does not happen immediately. It will happen 'very soon' but not now. And if the queue already contains events, they will be processed first.
Usage:
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dispatch-sync¶
(dispatch-sync event)
Synchronously (immediately) process event
. It does not queue
the event for handling later as dispatch
does.
event
is a vector and the first element is typically a keyword
which identifies the kind of event.
It is an error to use dispatch-sync
within an event handler because
you can't immediately process an new event when one is already
part way through being processed.
Generally, avoid using this function, and instead, use dispatch
.
Only use it in the narrow set of cases where any delay in
processing is a problem:
- the
:on-change
handler of a text field where we are expecting fast typing - when initialising your app - see 'main' in examples/todomvc/src/core.cljs
- in a unit test where immediate, synchronous processing is useful
Usage:
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Event Handlers¶
reg-event-db¶
(reg-event-db id handler)
(reg-event-db id interceptors handler)
Register the given event handler
(function) for the given id
. Optionally, provide
an interceptors
chain:
id
is typically a namespaced keyword (but can be anything)handler
is a function: (db event) -> dbinterceptors
is a collection of interceptors. Will be flattened and nils removed.
Example Usage:
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Or perhaps:
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reg-event-fx¶
(reg-event-fx id handler)
(reg-event-fx id interceptors handler)
Register the given event handler
(function) for the given id
. Optionally, provide
an interceptors
chain:
id
is typically a namespaced keyword (but can be anything)handler
is a function: (coeffects-map event-vector) -> effects-mapinterceptors
is a collection of interceptors. Will be flattened and nils removed.
Example Usage:
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|
Or perhaps:
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reg-event-ctx¶
(reg-event-ctx id handler)
(reg-event-ctx id interceptors handler)
Register the given event handler
(function) for the given id
. Optionally, provide
an interceptors
chain:
id
is typically a namespaced keyword (but can be anything)handler
is a function: context-map -> context-map
You can explore what is provided in context
here.
Example Usage:
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clear-event¶
(clear-event)
(clear-event id)
Unregisters event handlers (presumably registered previously via the use of reg-event-db
or reg-event-fx
).
When called with no args, it will unregister all currently registered event handlers.
When given one arg, assumed to be the id
of a previously registered
event handler, it will unregister the associated handler. Will produce a warning to
console if it finds no matching registration.
Subscriptions¶
reg-sub¶
(reg-sub query-id & args)
A call to reg-sub
associates a query-id
WITH two functions.
The two functions provide 'a mechanism' for creating a node
in the Signal Graph. When a node of type query-id
is needed,
the two functions can be used to create it.
The three arguments are:
query-id
- typically a namespaced keyword (later used in subscribe)- optionally, an
input signals
function which returns the input data flows required by this kind of node. - a
computation function
which computes the value (output) of the node (from the input data flows)
Later, during app execution, a call to (subscribe [:sub-id 3 :blue])
,
will trigger the need for a new :sub-id
Signal Graph node (matching the
query [:sub-id 3 :blue]
). And, to create that node the two functions
associated with :sub-id
will be looked up and used.
Just to be clear: calling reg-sub
does not immediately create a node.
It only registers 'a mechanism' (the two functions) by which nodes
can be created later, when a node is bought into existence by the
use of subscribe
in a View Function
.
reg-sub
arguments are:
- a
query-id
(typically a namespaced keyword) - a function which returns the inputs required by this kind of node (can be supplied in one of three ways)
- a function which computes the value of this kind of node (can be supplied in one of three ways)
The computation function
is always the last argument supplied and has three ways to be called.
Two of these methods are syntactic sugar to provide easier access to functional abstractions around your data.
-
A function that will accept two parameters, the
input-values
andquery-vector
. This is the standard way to provide acomputation-function
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(reg-sub :query-id (fn [input-values query-vector] (:foo input-values)))
-
A single sugary tuple of
:->
and a 1-aritycomputation-function
:1 2 3
(reg-sub :query-id :-> computation-fn)
This sugary variation allows you to pass a function that will expect only one parameter, namely the
input-values
and entirely omit thequery-vector
. A typicalcomputation-function
expects two parameters which can cause unfortunate results when attempting to use clojure standard library functions, or other functions, in a functional manner.For example, a significant number of subscriptions exist only to get a value from the
input-values
. As shown below, this subscription will simply retrieve the value associated with the:foo
key in our db:1 2 3 4
(reg-sub :query-id (fn [db _] ;; :<---- trivial boilerplate we might want to skip over (:foo db)))
This is slightly more boilerplate than we might like to do, as we can use a keyword directly as a function, and we might like to do this:
1 2 3
(reg-sub :query-id :foo) ;; :<---- This could be dangerous. If `:foo` is not in db, we get the `query-vector` instead of `nil`.
By using
:->
our function would not contain thequery-vector
, and any missing keys would be represented as such:1 2 3
(reg-sub :query-id :-> :foo)
This form allows us to ignore the
query-vector
if ourcomputation-function
has no need for it, and be safe from any accidents. Any 1-arity function can be provided, and for more complicated use cases,partial
,comp
, and anonymous functions can still be used. -
A single sugary tuple of
:=>
and a multi-aritycomputation-function
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(reg-sub :query-id :=> computation-fn)
The
query-vector
can be broken into two components[query-id & optional-values]
, and some subscriptions require theoptional-values
for extra work within the subscription. To use them in variation #1, we need to destructure ourcomputation-function
parameters in order to use them.1 2 3 4
(reg-sub :query-id (fn [db [_ foo]] [db foo]))
Again we are writing boilerplate just to reach our values, and we might prefer to have direction access through a parameter vector like
[input-values optional-values]
instead, so we might be able to use a multi-arity function directly as ourcomputation-function
. A rewrite of the above sub using this sugary syntax would look like this:1 2 3
(reg-sub :query-id :=> vector) ;; :<---- Could also be `(fn [db foo] [db foo])`
The computation function
is expected to take two arguments:
input-values
- the values which flow into this node (how is it wired into the graph?)query-vector
- the vector given tosubscribe
and it returns a computed value (which then becomes the output of the node)
When computation function
is called, the 2nd query-vector
argument will be that
vector supplied to the subscribe
. So, if the call was (subscribe [:sub-id 3 :blue])
,
then the query-vector
supplied to the computation function will be [:sub-id 3 :blue]
.
The argument(s) supplied to reg-sub
between query-id
and the computation-function
can vary in 3 ways, but whatever is there defines the input signals
part
of the mechanism
, specifying what input values "flow into" the
computation function
(as the 1st argument) when it is called.
So, reg-sub
can be called in one of three ways, because there are three ways
to define the input signals part. But note, the 2nd method, in which a
signals function
is explicitly supplied, is the most canonical and
instructive. The other two are really just sugary variations.
First variation - no input signal function given:
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In the absence of an explicit signals function
, the node's input signal defaults to app-db
and, as a result, the value within app-db
(a map) is
given as the 1st argument when a-computation-fn
is called.
Second variation - a signal function is explicitly supplied:
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This is the most canonical and instructive of the three variations.
When a node is created from the template, the signal function
will be called and it
is expected to return the input signal(s) as either a singleton, if there is only
one, or a sequence if there are many, or a map with the signals as the values.
The current values of the returned signals will be supplied as the 1st argument to
the a-computation-fn
when it is called - and subject to what this signal-fn
returns,
this value will be either a singleton, sequence or map of them (paralleling
the structure returned by the signal function
).
This example signal function
returns a 2-vector of input signals.
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The associated computation function must be written to expect a 2-vector of values for its first argument:
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If, on the other hand, the signal function was simpler and returned a singleton, like this:
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then the associated computation function must be written to expect a single value as the 1st argument:
1 2 |
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Further Note: variation #1 above, in which an signal-fn
was not supplied, like this:
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|
is the equivalent of using this
2nd variation and explicitly supplying a signal-fn
which returns app-db
:
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Third variation - syntax Sugar
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This 3rd variation is just syntactic sugar for the 2nd. Instead of providing an
signals-fn
you provide one or more pairs of :<-
and a subscription vector.
If you supply only one pair a singleton will be supplied to the computation function,
as if you had supplied a signal-fn
returning only a single value:
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Syntactic sugar for both the signal-fn
and computation-fn
can be used together
and the direction of arrows shows the flow of data and functions. The example from
directly above is reproduced here:
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For further understanding, read the tutorials, and look at the detailed comments in /examples/todomvc/src/subs.cljs.
See also: subscribe
subscribe¶
(subscribe query)
(subscribe query dynv)
Given a query
vector, returns a Reagent reaction
which will, over
time, reactively deliver a stream of values. So, in FRP-ish terms,
it returns a Signal
.
To obtain the current value from the Signal, it must be dereferenced:
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which is typically written tersely as simple:
1 2 |
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query
is a vector of at least one element. The first element is the
query-id
, typically a namespaced keyword. The rest of the vector's
elements are optional, additional values which parameterise the query
performed.
dynv
exists for historical reasons and is borderline deprecated these days.
It is a vector of signals. Re-frame will dereference each of them and pass a
vector of their values to your subscription handler as a third argument.
If there's logic determing what query to subscribe to, consider
expressing it in a signal function
, or use reg-sub-raw
. Failing that, dynv
allows you to colocate this logic with the subscribe
call.
Example Usage:
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Note: for any given call to subscribe
there must have been a previous call
to reg-sub
, registering the query handler (functions) associated with
query-id
.
Hint
When used in a view function BE SURE to deref
the returned value.
In fact, to avoid any mistakes, some prefer to define:
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And then, within their views, they call (<sub [:items :small])
rather
than using subscribe
directly.
De-duplication
Two, or more, concurrent subscriptions for the same query will source reactive updates from the one executing handler.
See also: reg-sub
clear-sub¶
(clear-sub)
(clear-sub query-id)
Unregisters subscription handlers (presumably registered previously via the use of reg-sub
).
When called with no args, it will unregister all currently registered subscription handlers.
When given one arg, assumed to be the id
of a previously registered
subscription handler, it will unregister the associated handler. Will produce a warning to
console if it finds no matching registration.
NOTE: Depending on the usecase, it may be necessary to call clear-subscription-cache!
afterwards
reg-sub-raw¶
(reg-sub-raw query-id handler-fn)
This is a low level, advanced function. You should probably be
using reg-sub
instead.
Some explanation is available in the docs at http://day8.github.io/re-frame/flow-mechanics/
clear-subscription-cache!¶
(clear-subscription-cache!)
Removes all subscriptions from the cache.
This function can be used at development time or test time. Useful when hot reloading namespaces containing subscription handlers. Also call it after a React/render exception, because React components won't have been cleaned up properly. And this, in turn, means the subscriptions within those components won't have been cleaned up correctly. So this forces the issue.
Effect Handlers¶
reg-fx¶
(reg-fx id handler)
Register the given effect handler
for the given id
:
id
is keyword, often namespaced.handler
is a side-effecting function which takes a single argument and whose return value is ignored.
To use, first, associate :effect2
with a handler:
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Then, later, if an event handler were to return this effects map:
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|
then the handler
fn
we registered previously, using reg-fx
, will be
called with an argument of [1 2]
.
clear-fx¶
(clear-fx)
(clear-fx id)
Unregisters effect handlers (presumably registered previously via the use of reg-fx
).
When called with no args, it will unregister all currently registered effect handlers.
When given one arg, assumed to be the id
of a previously registered
effect handler, it will unregister the associated handler. Will produce a warning to
console if it finds no matching registration.
Coeffects¶
reg-cofx¶
(reg-cofx id handler)
Register the given coeffect handler
for the given id
, for later use
within inject-cofx
:
id
is keyword, often namespaced.handler
is a function which takes either one or two arguments, the first of which is alwayscoeffects
and which returns an updatedcoeffects
.
See also: inject-cofx
inject-cofx¶
(inject-cofx id)
(inject-cofx id value)
Given an id
, and an optional, arbitrary value
, returns an interceptor
whose :before
adds to the :coeffects
(map) by calling a pre-registered
'coeffect handler' identified by the id
.
The previous association of a coeffect handler
with an id
will have
happened via a call to re-frame.core/reg-cofx
- generally on program startup.
Within the created interceptor, this 'looked up' coeffect handler
will
be called (within the :before
) with two arguments:
- the current value of
:coeffects
- optionally, the originally supplied arbitrary
value
This coeffect handler
is expected to modify and return its first, coeffects
argument.
Example of inject-cofx
and reg-cofx
working together
First - Early in app startup, you register a coeffect handler
for :datetime
:
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Second - Later, add an interceptor to an -fx event handler, using inject-cofx
:
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Background
coeffects
are the input resources required by an event handler
to perform its job. The two most obvious ones are db
and event
.
But sometimes an event handler might need other resources.
Perhaps an event handler needs a random number or a GUID or the current datetime. Perhaps it needs access to a DataScript database connection.
If an event handler directly accesses these resources, it stops being pure and, consequently, it becomes harder to test, etc. So we don't want that.
Instead, the interceptor created by this function is a way to 'inject'
'necessary resources' into the :coeffects
(map) subsequently given
to the event handler at call time.
See also reg-cofx
clear-cofx¶
(clear-cofx)
(clear-cofx id)
Unregisters coeffect handlers (presumably registered previously via the use of reg-cofx
).
When called with no args, it will unregister all currently registered coeffect handlers.
When given one arg, assumed to be the id
of a previously registered
coeffect handler, it will unregister the associated handler. Will produce a warning to
console if it finds no matching registration.
null¶
reg-event-error-handler¶
(reg-event-error-handler handler)
Register the given event error handler
(function) that will catch unhandled exceptions
thrown in the interceptors/handler chain.
Only one handler
can be registered. Registering a new handler
clears the existing handler
.
This handler
function has the signature:
(handler [original-error re-frame-error])
-
original-error
: A plaform-native Error object. Represents the original error thrown by user code. this is the error you see when nohandler
is registered. -
re-frame-error
: A clojure ExceptionInfo object. Includes the stacktrace of re-frame's internal functions, and extra data about the interceptor process. Call(ex-data re-frame-error)
to get this info.
The data includes:
:interceptor
: the:id
of the throwing interceptor.:direction
::before
or:after
.:event-v
: the re-frame event which invoked this interceptor.
Interceptors¶
debug¶
An interceptor which logs/instruments an event handler's actions to
re-frame/console
at the :log
level.
Output includes:
- the event vector
- a
clojure.data/diff
of db, before vs after, which shows the changes caused by the event handler. To understand the output, you should understand: https://clojuredocs.org/clojure.data/diff.
You'd typically include this interceptor after (to the right of) any
path
interceptor.
Warning: calling clojure.data/diff
on large, complex data structures
can be slow. So, you won't want this interceptor present in production
code. So, you should condition it out like this:
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To make this code fragment work, you'll also have to set goog.DEBUG
to
false
in your production builds. For an example, look in project.clj
of /examples/todomvc.
path¶
(path & args)
Returns an interceptor which acts somewhat like clojure.core/update-in
, in the sense that
the event handler is given a specific part of app-db
to change, not all of app-db
.
The interceptor has both a :before
and :after
functions. The :before
replaces
the :db
key within coeffects with a sub-path within app-db
. The :after
reverses the process,
and it grafts the handler's return value back into db, at the right path.
Examples:
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Example Use:
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Notes:
path
may appear more than once in an interceptor chain. Progressive narrowing.- if
:effects
contains no:db
effect, can't graft a value back in.
enrich¶
(enrich f)
Returns an interceptor which will run the given function f
in the :after
position.
f
is called with two arguments: db
and event
, and is expected to
return a modified db
.
Unlike the after
interceptor which is only about side effects, enrich
expects f
to process and alter the given db
coeffect in some useful way,
contributing to the derived data, flowing vibe.
If f
returns nil
, the db
value passed to f
will be returned instead.
Example Use:
Imagine that todomvc needed to do duplicate detection - if any two todos had the same text, then highlight their background, and report them via a warning at the bottom of the panel.
Almost any user action (edit text, add new todo, remove a todo) requires a complete reassessment of duplication errors and warnings. E.g. that edit just made might have introduced a new duplicate, or removed one. Same with any todo removal. So we need to re-calculate warnings after any CRUD events associated with the todos list.
Unless we are careful, we might end up coding subtly different checks for each kind of CRUD operation. The duplicates check made after 'delete todo' event might be subtly different to that done after an editing operation. Nice and efficient, but fiddly. A bug generator approach.
So, instead, we create an f
which recalculates ALL warnings from scratch
every time there is ANY change. It will inspect all the todos, and
reset ALL FLAGS every time (overwriting what was there previously)
and fully recalculate the list of duplicates (displayed at the bottom?).
https://twitter.com/nathanmarz/status/879722740776939520
By applying f
in an :enrich
interceptor, after every CRUD event,
we keep the handlers simple and yet we ensure this important step
(of getting warnings right) is not missed on any change.
We can test f
easily - it is a pure function - independently of
any CRUD operation.
This brings huge simplicity at the expense of some re-computation each time. This may be a very satisfactory trade-off in many cases.
Returning nil
In some cases, it's useful to apply a change to specific situations that can
be determined at runtime instead of when defining the handler with an
:enrich
interceptor. Instead of forcing you to return the db
from every
non-applicable branch, you can return nil
to use the given db
value:
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unwrap¶
New in v1.2.0
An interceptor which decreases the amount of destructuring necessary in an event handler where the event is structured as a 2-vector of [event-id payload-map].
It promotes the payload-map
part to be the event ultimately given to the
event handler. Should you want the full original event, it can be found in
coeffects
under the key :original-event
.
If a dispatch looked like this:
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Your event handlers can look like this:
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trim-v¶
An interceptor which removes the first element of the event vector, before it is supplied to the event handler, allowing you to write more aesthetically pleasing event handlers. No leading underscore on the event-v!
Should you want the full original event, it can be found in coeffects
under
the key :original-event
.
Your event handlers will look like this:
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after¶
(after f)
Returns an interceptor which runs the given function f
in the :after
position, presumably for side effects.
f
is called with two arguments: the :effects
value for :db
(or the :coeffect
value of :db
if no :db
effect is returned) and the event.
Its return value is ignored, so f
can only side-effect.
An example of use can be seen in the re-frame github repo in /examples/todomvc/events.cljs
:
f
runs schema validation (reporting any errors found).f
writes to localstorage.
on-changes¶
(on-changes f out-path & in-paths)
Returns an interceptor which will observe N paths within db
, and if any of them
test not identical?
to their previous value (as a result of a event handler
being run), then it will run f
to compute a new value, which is then assoc-ed
into the given out-path
within db
.
Example Usage:
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If you put this interceptor on handlers which might change paths :a
or :b
,
it will:
- call
f
each time the value at path[:a]
or[:b]
changes - call
f
with the values extracted from[:a]
[:b]
- assoc the return value from
f
into the path[:c]
Global Interceptors¶
reg-global-interceptor¶
(reg-global-interceptor interceptor)
Registers the given interceptor
as a global interceptor. Global interceptors are
included in the processing chain of every event.
When you register an event handler, you have the option of supplying an interceptor chain. Any global interceptors you register are effectively prepending to this chain.
Global interceptors are run in the order that they are registered.
Global interceptors are unique by :id. If a global interceptor with the same :id
key as interceptor
is already registered, interceptor
will take its place in the
global interceptor chain. This facilitates hot-reloading.
Note: members of re-frame.std-interceptors do not have unique ids. To register more than one, consider:
(reg-global-interceptor (-> (re-frame.std-interceptors/on-changes + [:a] [:b]) (assoc :id :my-unique-id)))
clear-global-interceptor¶
(clear-global-interceptor)
(clear-global-interceptor id)
Unregisters global interceptors (presumably registered previously via the use of reg-global-interceptor
).
When called with no args, it will unregister all currently registered global interceptors.
When given one arg, assumed to be the id
of a previously registered
global interceptors, it will unregister the associated interceptor. Will produce a warning to
console if it finds no matching registration.
Writing Interceptors¶
->interceptor¶
(->interceptor & {:as m, :keys [id before after]})
A utility function for creating interceptors.
Accepts three optional, named arguments:
:id
- an id for the interceptor (decorative only):before
- the interceptor's before function:after
- the interceptor's after function
Example use:
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Notes:
:before
functions modify and return theircontext
argument. Sometimes they only side effect, in which case, they'll perform the side effect and returncontext
unchanged.:before
functions often modify the:coeffects
map withincontext
and, if they do, then they should use the utility functionsget-coeffect
andassoc-coeffect
.:after
functions modify and return theircontext
argument. Sometimes they only side effect, in which case, they'll perform the side effect and returncontext
unchanged.:after
functions often modify the:effects
map withincontext
and, if they do, then they should use the utility functionsget-effect
andassoc-effect
get-coeffect¶
(get-coeffect context)
(get-coeffect context key)
(get-coeffect context key not-found)
A utility function, typically used when writing an interceptor's :before
function.
When called with one argument, it returns the :coeffects
map from within that context
.
When called with two or three arguments, behaves like clojure.core/get
and
returns the value mapped to key
in the :coeffects
map within context
, not-found
or
nil
if key
is not present.
assoc-coeffect¶
(assoc-coeffect context key value)
A utility function, typically used when writing an interceptor's :before
function.
Adds or updates a key/value pair in the :coeffects
map within context
.
get-effect¶
(get-effect context)
(get-effect context key)
(get-effect context key not-found)
A utility function, used when writing interceptors, typically within an :after
function.
When called with one argument, returns the :effects
map from the context
.
When called with two or three arguments, behaves like clojure.core/get
and
returns the value mapped to key
in the effects map, not-found
or
nil
if key
is not present.
assoc-effect¶
(assoc-effect context key value)
A utility function, typically used when writing an interceptor's :after
function.
Adds or updates a key/value pair in the :effects
map within context
.
enqueue¶
(enqueue context interceptors)
A utility function, used when writing an interceptor's :before
function.
Adds the given collection of interceptors
to those already in context's
execution :queue
. It returns the updated context
.
So, it provides a way for one interceptor to add more interceptors to the currently executing interceptor chain.
Logging¶
set-loggers!¶
(set-loggers! new-loggers)
re-frame outputs warnings and errors via the API function console
which, by default, delegates to js/console
's default implementation for
log
, error
, warn
, debug
, group
and groupEnd
. But, using this function,
you can override that behaviour with your own functions.
The argument new-loggers
should be a map containing a subset of they keys
for the standard loggers
, namely :log
:error
:warn
:debug
:group
or :groupEnd
.
Example Usage:
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console¶
(console level & args)
A utility logging function which is used internally within re-frame to produce warnings and other output. It can also be used by libraries which extend re-frame, such as effect handlers.
By default, it will output the given args
to js/console
at the given log level
.
However, an application using re-frame can redirect console
output via set-loggers!
.
level
can be one of :log
, :error
, :warn
, :debug
, :group
or :groupEnd
.
Example usage:
1 2 |
|
Miscellaneous¶
make-restore-fn¶
(make-restore-fn)
This is a utility function, typically used in testing.
It checkpoints the current state of re-frame and returns a function which, when later called, will restore re-frame to the checkpointed state.
The checkpoint includes app-db
, all registered handlers and all subscriptions.
purge-event-queue¶
(purge-event-queue)
Removes all events currently queued for processing
add-post-event-callback¶
(add-post-event-callback f)
(add-post-event-callback id f)
Registers the given function f
to be called after each event is processed.
f
will be called with two arguments:
event
: a vector. The event just processed.queue
: a PersistentQueue, possibly empty, of events yet to be processed.
This facility is useful in advanced cases like:
- you are implementing a complex bootstrap pipeline
- you want to create your own handling infrastructure, with perhaps multiple handlers for the one event, etc. Hook in here.
- libraries providing 'isomorphic javascript' rendering on Nodejs or Nashorn.
id
is typically a keyword. If it supplied when an f
is added, it can be
subsequently be used to identify it for removal. See remove-post-event-callback
.
remove-post-event-callback¶
(remove-post-event-callback id)
Unregisters a post event callback function, identified by id
.
Such a function must have been previously registered via add-post-event-callback
Deprecated¶
register-handler¶
(register-handler & args)
Deprecated. Use reg-event-db
instead.
register-sub¶
(register-sub & args)
Deprecated. Use reg-sub-raw
instead.